The Following is a Compilation of Applied Kinesiology
Research Papers Published in the Collected Papers of the International
College of Applied Kinesiology for the year 2003-2004
The Collected Papers of the
International College of Applied Kinesiology has been published both
annually and bi-annually since the founding of the International
College of Applied Kinesiology (ICAK) in 1976. There has been a
concerted effort by the organization to present the research, outcomes
assessment, and clinical investigations of its members to the
organization as a whole and to the chiropractic profession at large.
There have been over 2,000 papers in 40 Annual Yearbooks published by
members of the organization. These yearbooks can be purchased from the
ICAK at
www.ICAKUSA.com.
It should be noted that the ICAK has not required strict conformity to
formatted research design for paper presentation in its
yearly-published Collected Papers. Many members of the ICAK are
clinicians and are not professional researchers. This is why I have
reviewed these Collected Papers and written these structured abstracts
in conformity with the style currently in use in the scientific
research literature around the world. These abstracts remain faithful
to the information contained in the original authors’ clinical reports.
Since my own immersion in sacro occipital technique (SOT) at Palmer
Chiropractic College, and then my work with Dr. David Walther and by
extension Dr. George Goodheart and the rest of the AK family, I have
discovered the seamless interlocking nature of these two highly
evolved, progressive systems of chiropractic. Drs. Goodheart and
DeJarnette will be proud to learn of that cooperation and alliance
between their two systems of chiropractic is forming as the result of
this joint effort of the ICAK-USA and SOTO-USA, making both of our
systems, chiropractic, and healthcare stronger as a result.
-- Edited by
Scott
Cuthbert, D.C.
ENDOMETRIOSIS: A CASE STUDY
Glen P. Alis, D.C. and Supna Alis, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss a case of symptomatic endometriosis in a female
successfully treated with applied kinesiology chiropractic care.
Clinical Features: A 25-year-old female presented with severe abdominal
pain and cramping with her menstrual cycle, especially in the lower
right quadrant. She also experienced pain with intercourse. This pain
had been present for 2 months, and was rated a 10 on a pain scale of 1
to 10 (10 being worst). Her menstrual cramps had been present since the
age of 12. A medical diagnosis of endometriosis had been given,
and laproscopic surgery to remove endometrial and scar tissue were
performed. Six months after the surgery, the symptoms returned with the
same severity.
Intervention and Outcome: AK examination revealed an open ileocecal
valve, subluxations at the L3 and L5 vertebrae, and sacral
misalignment. Chiropractic adjustments were made 1-2 times per week for
one month. Orthostatic hypotension was found on initial examination. A
diagnosis of estrogen dominance was made. Digestive supports and
progesterone cream was given, and dietary modifications were made
eliminating white flour and sugar, coffee and colas from her diet. An
exercise program was begun to increase her strength and endurance.
After one month her symptoms decreased significantly so that she did
not have to miss work due to menstrual pain. She now feels minor
bloating and discomfort with her menses but does not need medication
for relief.
Conclusion: This paper describes a method for treatment of a
patient with endometriosis. Its applicability to other patients with
this condition should be explored. (Collected Papers International
College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:1-2)
Key Indexing Terms: Menstruation Disturbances; Endometriosis; Case
Reports; Treatment; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
MEDIAL EPICONDYLITIS: A CASE STUDY
Glen P. Alis, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe a case of medial epicondylitis in a tennis
player that was limiting his ability to play due to pain. The relevance
of gait testing for elbow pain is explained.
Clinical Features: A 48-year-old male presented with right medial elbow
pain of six months duration. He played tennis 4-5 times a week, and his
pain was definitely worse with his forehand and serve. After an hour of
play, the sharp pain in his medial elbow prevented him from playing
further. He received 2 cortisone shots that did not alleviate the
problem. He was taking 4 Ibuprofen per day in order to continue playing.
Intervention and Outcome: On initial examination, Cozen’s test was
positive, as was a medial ligament stress test of the elbow. Manual
muscle testing showed inhibition of the right bicep, right
supraspinatus, right pronator quadratus, left popliteus, left tibialis
posterior, and left rectus femoris, and these were treated.
Subluxations of the T8 vertebrae and the left navicular bone were
corrected. A nutritional supplement for ligament injury was
given. Gait testing demonstrated improper muscle coordination,
and after AK treatment for this problem the tenderness in the elbow was
improved. The concept of ligament interlink in AK is presented, and in
this case it improved the interaction between his left knee and right
elbow. Dietary changes to improve his inflammatory response related to
hypoadrenia were made. After 7 treatments over a 6-week period the
patient felt 85% improved (patient’s self-assessment), and was able to
play tennis for 2 hours with only slight discomfort.
Conclusion: The value of this method of treatment for other cases of
medial epicondylitis, especially in tennis players, should be
investigated. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:3-4)
Key Indexing Terms: Tennis Elbow; Tendinitis; Case Reports; Treatment;
Kinesiology, Applied
FUNCTIONAL TESTS AND TREATMENTS FOR MALE MENOPAUSE AND PENILE
DYSFUNCTION
Eugene Charles, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To review the male menopause and its symptomatology, and to
offer methods of testing for endocrine imbalances. The nutritional
needs related to the treatment of male menopause, prostatic
hypertrophy, and penile dysfunction are described.
Data Sources: Information was obtained from English language medical
and scientific journals and medical/physiology textbooks. 36 articles
related to the subject of this paper are listed in the references.
Methods: A review of scientific literature regarding the vitamins,
minerals, and herbs in the treatment of sexual dysfunction, prostate
health, and aging in men is given. The review given suggests that zinc,
essential fatty acids, saw palmetto, adrenal hormones, licorice,
ginseng, and nitric oxide are needed for prostate health and adequate
sexual performance. Symptom patterns and specific tests are described
that purport to identify the need for these nutrients in the
symptomatic patient. A male version of the Kegel exercises was
described to alleviate mechanical pressures on the prostate and bladder.
Conclusion: The functional tests offered in this paper do not diagnose
a disease process but seek to identify functional problems with the
pelvic and urogenital muscles, hormones, and biochemical impairments to
the organs of the reproductive system in older males. Concurrent EMG,
urological, and other diagnostic studies should be conducted
concurrently to evaluate this method of diagnosis and treatment of male
menopause, prostatic hypertrophy, and penile dysfunction. (Collected
Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:5-16)
Key Indexing Terms: Andropause; Impotence; Prostatic Hyperplasia;
Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and Nutrition; Treatment;
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
OBJECTIVIZATION OF MANUAL MUSCLE TESTING THROUGH ANALYSIS OF THE
DYNAMIC FORCE SPECTRUM
Tatiana N. Chernysheva, M.D., Vladimir I. Korenbaum, Ph.D., Tatiana P.
Apukhtina
ABSTRACT
Background: To study a new instrument designed to objectively measure
manual muscle testing outcomes.
Design: To design a force transducer EMG that measures the amplitude of
low-frequency (less than 2 Hz) effort in the tested muscle. The
portable dynamic force transducer that was used in the experimental
trial was described.
Method: 8 volunteers were recruited for testing. Therapy localization
to specific reflexes was employed during the tests. The sequence of
reflex points used was unknown to the examiner and the patient. Changes
in muscle strength in the thumb and middle finger of the same hand were
tested using the instrument. The same TL sequence to the same reflexes
was then employed while testing the middle deltoid muscle using the
instrument. In this test, the upper flange of the transducer was held
by the examiner’s hand and the lower flange was put on the bend of the
patient’s arm during the middle deltoid test.
Results: When the examiner tested the eight patients’ middle deltoid
muscle after reflex stimulation, there was a 73.7% (K2 = 0.47)
agreement between the instrumental reading of an inhibited muscle after
therapy localization and the examiner’s reading. When the instrument
was used alone to measure the muscle response of the thumb and middle
finger, there was poor agreement 65.5% (K1 = 0.31).
Conclusion: In the first measuring sequence there were several muscles
involved in the test (thumb and middle finger), whereas in the second
the middle deltoid was the only muscle tested. This study has research
design and methodological problems that make understanding or
reproducing its protocols problematic. The translation from Russian was
poor. A future study should refine the framing of the research
question, improve the method of testing, describe the results more
clearly, and enlarge the number of participants. (Collected Papers
International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:17-22)
Key Indexing Terms: Muscle Weakness; Evaluation Studies; Research
Design; Instrumentation; Kinesiology, Applied
CASE STUDY: ECZEMATOUS DERMATITIS AND THE DEEP TENDON REFLEX EXAMINATON
Robert Ciprian, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: A patient who sought chiropractic care for right ankle,
knee, and low back pain was also successfully treated for eczematous
dermatitis.
Clinical Features: A 28-year-old male presented with basketball
injuries to his right ankle, knee, and low back. For the past 1.5 years
there was also an eczematous dermatitis present that was being treated
with a topical prescription cream without success. The area of
dermatitis and the medication prescribed were not given.
Intervention and Outcome: Standard applied kinesiology care for a
pelvic category III, category II, right lateral tibia, right lateral
talus, right inferior navicular, right superior 1st cuneiform and right
lateral cuboid were corrected. The deep tendon reflex examination of
Dr. Richard Belli was employed for residual low back pain, and
treatment to L3 (posterior left subluxation listing) improved the
patient’s low back, knee, and ankle pain. After the patients third
visit, the pain in the ankle, knee and low back were improved, and the
dermatitis had disappeared.
Conclusion: This case demonstrated that structural corrections to
spinal and extremity joints improved a patient with eczematous
dermatitis. Further research on the mechanism of this type of therapy
and larger patient cohorts would be valuable to evaluate if this system
of treatment would be of benefit to larger groups of patients with
eczematous dermatitis. (Collected Papers International College of
Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:23-24)
Key Indexing Terms: Eczema; Treatment; Case Reports; Chiropractic;
Kinesiology, Applied
CASE STUDY: MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
Robert Ciprian, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To discuss the treatment of a female patient with multiple
sclerosis who had been wheel chair bound for 2 years.
Clinical Features: A 28-year-old female presented with low back pain.
She was wheel chair bound. She showed considerable atrophy of the
lower extremities, and had a decreased L4 reflex. Her toenails were
discolored, brittle and flaking, and she had a fungal infection. On
consultation it was discovered that the fungal infection began just
before she started having the symptoms of multiple sclerosis.
Intervention and Outcome: Treatment of a category III pelvic fault and
treatment of the ileocecal valve reflexes were employed with spinal
adjustments to positive areas of challenge. Nutrients given (using
standard AK protocol) were: calcium lactate, Spanish black radish,
Zymex II, SF 722 (10-undecylenic acid from castor oil). Nutritional
instruction to remove sugar, wheat, corn, dairy, soy and fermented
foods was given, and instructions to eat whole foods were advised.
After 5 months of chiropractic care she was able to get out of her
wheel chair and perform the activities of daily living and able to go
to the bathroom by herself and to stand up in the kitchen sink to wash
the dishes. Her L4 reflex was normal, she had a healthier appearance to
her toenails, her digestion was improved, her lower extremity strength
was improved (“60%,” method of determining this not given), and 90%
decrease in low back pain. Physical therapy was advised at this time to
help improve the atrophy in her lower extremities.
Conclusion: A number of other case reports on the treatment of
functional disabilities in patients with multiple sclerosis using AK
chiropractic methods are in the literature, and this research should be
expanded. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:25-26)
Key Indexing Terms: Multiple Sclerosis; Treatment; Case Reports;
Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
APPLIED KINESIOLOGY MANAGEMENT OF NOCTURNAL ENURESIS: A CASE STUDY
Cecilia A. Duffy, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present the case of a 4-year old male who was
successfully treated for nocturnal enuresis that had been present every
night of his life.
Clinical Features: This boy had never had a dry night and would also
lose bladder control while napping during the day. He was otherwise
toilet trained during waking hours.
Intervention and Outcome: The patient was treated using applied
kinesiology protocol eight times over a 5-month period. Manual muscle
testing revealed a conditionally inhibited upper trapezius that became
conditionally facilitated upon oral insalivation of Cataplex B
(Standard Process Labs). The L5 and T4 vertebrae were anterior; a
category II pelvic fault and sphenobasilar inspiration assist cranial
fault were corrected. The volume of liquids the child consumed was to
be recorded. 2-weeks later the child had 5 dry nights, and the
daytime bedwetting was resolved. The patient had never experienced a
dry night to this point. ADH levels were evaluated for diabetes
insipidus, and were negative. Instructions to limit water consumption
to 4 ounces per hour with no water consumption after 6 p.m. were given.
An adrenal supplement was given also. Bilateral foot pronation was
corrected. If the boy did not drink water after 6 p.m., the nighttime
enuresis problem remained corrected.
Conclusion: It appears that patients with nocturnal enuresis do undergo
chiropractic treatment in practice. Consequently, this should be an
area of research importance. More clinical trials using reliable
diagnostic criteria and outcome measurements are needed.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:27-29)
Key Indexing Terms: Enuresis; Manipulations, Spinal; Case Reports;
Kinesiology, Applied
THE INTRAOSSEOUS SUBLUXATION, ASSOCIATED POINTS OF ACUPUNCTURE, AND
REDOX PROBLEMS
Daniel H. Duffy, Sr., D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of this paper was to review the intraosseous
subluxation described in applied kinesiology methods and to suggest
that this subluxation is present at the associated points of meridians
indicated by alarm point diagnosis.
Methods: A review of the intraosseous subluxation, its examination and
treatment, and its hypothesized relationship to the cranial rhythmic
impulse, the Governing Vessel and Bladder meridians, and many other
factors are discussed. A review of the author’s own experience with
measurable improvements in patients’ performance after correction of
this subluxation is given.
Results: The beneficial, often immediately observable results from the
correction of the intraosseous subluxation was hypothesized to be
related to the improvement in the function of meridians whose alarm
points are affected by the intraosseous subluxation.
Conclusion: Search for an intraosseous subluxation at the associated
point of the involved meridian was recommended whenever acupuncture
meridian imbalance is diagnosed using AK methods. Intraosseous
subluxations should be considered a potential cause of meridian
imbalances in patients. Clinical trials to evaluate this hypothesis are
needed. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:31-36)
Key Indexing Terms: Acupuncture Points; Meridians; Clinical Protocols;
Manipulation, Spinal; Kinesiology, Applied
ACID-BASE METABOLISM: A STUDY TO EVALUATE DIFFERENT MEASUREMENT METHODS
(INCLUDING SUMMARY OF 5 CASE HISTORIES)
Hans Garten, MED, D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: In this study a comparison is made of methods of acid-base
measurements using the blood gas analysis method of Astrup, urine acid
titration according to Sander, lactate measurement in venous blood, and
the sensory provocation methods from applied kinesiology. Therapy for
acid-base disturbances is described.
Methods: The importance of the acid-base physiology in the blood is
discussed, and a review of the literature on the various methods of
measuring acid-base balance is given. The signs and symptoms of
acidosis and alkalosis are described. Methods for diagnosing
hyperacidic and hyperalkaline conditions in patients using applied
kinesiology sensory provocation and manual muscle testing responses are
delineated. 246 patients were part of this study, 190 of whom were
patients at the pain therapy section of the department for
anesthesiology and operative intensive care medicine of the
Justus-Liebig-University in Giessen. 5 detailed case studies and
applied kinesiology evaluation and treatment are described, and their
outcomes are matched to the acid titration urinary tests of Sander.
Results: Applied kinesiology sensory provocation testing was found to
be the most consistently effective method for evaluating the specific
acid-base imbalances of patients and the method that best enabled the
physician to design a therapeutic program to improve their acid-base
balance.
Conclusion: Using specific chiropractic and nutritional therapy it was
possible in these patients to reduce several types of metabolic stress
that led to decreased acid elimination. This was one sign of correction
of acid-base imbalances. (Collected Papers International College of
Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:41-68)
Key Indexing Terms: Acid-Base Imbalance; Acidosis; Alkalosis;
Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and Nutrition; Clinical Protocols;
Urinalysis; Hematologic Tests; Kinesiology, Applied
CASE STUDY: CHRONIC SEVERE CONSTIPATION CAUSED BY ASYMPTOMATIC L3-4
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC SYNDROME AND CLOSED ILEOCECAL VALVE
William Maykel, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the applied kinesiology management of a patient
who had never moved his bowels and who had depended upon a weekly enema
for his entire life.
Clinical Features: A 13-year-old boy presented who had never moved his
bowels on his own since birth. Medical x-rays were taken for diagnosis
and treatment with mineral oils had not been effective.
Intervention and Outcome: Physical examination revealed a bilateral
sprain/strain of the sacroiliac joints, with a compression of the L3-4
intervertebral disc. The L3 vertebra was anterior, and there was a
positive challenge suggesting a closed ileocecal valve. Palpation
of the gallbladder showed tenderness, and the patient was counseled to
eat beet greens. A correlation between bilaterally weak pectoralis
clavicular muscles and hypochlorhydria was made. Intersegmental
traction to the L3-4 disc along with corrective stretching exercises
were given. He was told to increase his water-soluble fiber with papaya
and apples, and told to avoid milk, corn, soy and wheat that were found
to cause muscle inhibition with oral nutrient challenge. Correction to
the lumbosacral spine and the closed ileocecal valve, along with
nutritional treatment, corrected this young boy’s bowel pattern and by
the fourth visit he was moving his bowels daily.
Conclusion: Normalization of the lumbosacral plexus outflow to the
gastrointestinal tract and specifically the ileocecal valve is
hypothesized to be the effective factor in the treatment of a severe,
life-long constipation. Many patients experience chronic constipation
that visit chiropractic offices, and so further evaluation of this
method of treatment is warranted. (Collected Papers International
College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:69-70)
Key Indexing Terms: Constipation; Ileocecal Valve; Lumbosacral Plexus;
Case Reports; Manipulations, Spinal; Kinesiology, Applied
CASE STUDY: CORRECTION OF SEVERE HIATAL HERNIA COMPLAINTS IN A PATIENT
WITH A CONGENITAL FAILURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE GROWTH WITH RESULTANT
SEVERE SCOLIOSIS
William Maykel, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the chiropractic care of a patient medically
diagnosed with Werdnig-Hoffman disease (a spinal muscular atrophy), who
had been unable to hold down food for five months previous to
chiropractic treatment, and to discuss issues clinically relevant to
this disorder.
Clinical Features: A 13-year-old male with a medical diagnosis of
Werdnig-Hoffman disease (type I, infantile) presented for chiropractic
care related to a severe hiatal hernia. The patient was wearing a body
cast made out of semi-dense foam, and presented in an electric
wheelchair that he could operate with digital controls. At the age of
18-months the child received applied kinesiology cranial treatment that
helped with his extreme weakness at the time. This allowed him to hold
his head up and start to have normal bowel movements. The child had
been previously given a prognosis of death before age 2. For 5 months
prior to the treatments in this report, he would regurgitate his food
with copious amounts of liquid upon eating just a few bites.
Occasionally he could eat one meal within a two-day period.
Intervention and Outcome: Due to the lack of muscle development in this
child, surrogate testing as developed in applied kinesiology methods
allowed for the AK evaluation of skeletal misalignment in this boy.
Bilateral sacroiliac subluxations with a right inferior sacral base,
right L3, left L4, right L5, C1 right, C2 left, C3 right were
corrected. T9-L1 were found anterior with the ribs bilaterally lateral.
A positive challenge to the diaphragm muscle was discovered.
Origin-insertion technique and muscle spindle cell technique along with
related neurolymphatic reflexes were performed to strengthen the
diaphragm, abdominal, and major pelvic muscles. The patient responded
well to the interventions and was able to swallow an entire meal
without side effects. He was treated through age 18, and graduated from
college with a major in psychology and a minor in special education.
Conclusion: In the remarkable outcome presented in this case report,
there is evidence of precise biomechanical and neurological
individuality. As a result, this patient only responds to a singular
form of adjusting and may have failed to respond to others. Apparently,
this young man with type I, infantile Werdnig-Hoffman disease was in
this category. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:71-73)
Key Indexing Terms: Spinal Muscular Atrophies of Childhood; Hernia,
Hiatal; Muscle Weakness; Manipulation, Spinal; Kinesiology, Applied
CASE STUDY: CRYPTORCHIDISM CORRECTION WITH CONSERVATIVE CHIROPRACTIC
APPLIED KINESIOLOGY
William Maykel, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the case of an infant with a congenital right
inguinal hernia and undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) who received
chiropractic treatment prior to surgery.
Clinical Features: The parents of a nine-month old child sought a
second opinion for their child diagnosed one week earlier with a right
inguinal hernia and undescended testicle. The child was born vaginally
without difficulty, although he was six weeks premature.
Intervention and Outcome: Due to the age of this child, surrogate
testing as developed in applied kinesiology methods allowed for
evaluation of skeletal misalignment in this infant. A bilateral
sacroiliac sprain was corrected using gentle respiratory adjustments to
correct the misaligned pelvic joints. The author describes a right
inferior sacral base, right L3, left L4, right L5, C1 right, C2 left,
C3 right vertebral subluxation complex to arise with the sacroiliac
sprain, and these were corrected also. The thoracolumbar junction was
also rotated at T10-12, and corrected. These corrections were performed
one week apart with complete resolution of the cryptorchidism after the
second visit.
Conclusion: There are indications that patients suffering from
cryptorchidism (undescended testicle) may benefit from a holistic
chiropractic approach that not only includes examination and care to
the primary areas of complaint (e.g. inguinal hernia and undescended
testicle) but also potentially from significant pelvic subluxation
concomitants. Since surgery is the only current approach, and the
applied kinesiology method is conservative and cost-effective, further
validation studies should be undertaken due to the global increase in
this condition. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:75-76)
Key Indexing Terms: Cryptorchidism; Hernia, Inguinal; Manipulations,
Spinal; Case Reports; Chiropractic; Kinesiology, Applied
THE PINEAL CRANIAL FAULT
Paul T. Sprieser, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: This study investigates a hypothesized relationship between
a particular cranial fault, the pineal gland, and melatonin metabolism.
Design: Prospective case series. 78 patients recruited from the
practice of the treating clinician.
Intervention and Outcome: The patients’ tensor fascia lata muscles were
tested supine, with simultaneous crossed thumb therapy localization
(TL) to the cruciate suture of the maxillary bones. In these patients,
an inhibition of the muscle was found with therapy localization and a
particular phase of respiration (inspiration or expiration) would
negate the inhibition. A particular cranial vector of correction would
be sought in these patients, the contact point being from the center of
the palate with the index finger and an open hand contact on both
mastoid processes simultaneously. The direction of correction for both
hands would be the direction that caused the greatest muscle inhibition
on challenge. A figure 8 motion of the palate hand, and a clockwise or
counter clockwise motion of the hand on the occiput for 40 seconds were
needed to achieve correction. It was also found that pineal gland and
melatonin nutritional extracts would also negate the positive TL to the
cruciate suture.
Conclusion: The results of this prospective case series indicate that
this particular cranial fault may be associated with the pineal gland
and melatonin metabolism. Specific biochemical measurements and more
precisely documented outcomes from the treatment given should be
measured and described in future studies. Further research into this
method of evaluation and treatment, and into the proposed physiology of
the mechanisms involved is warranted. (Collected Papers International
College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:75-76)
Key Indexing Terms: Pineal Gland; Melatonin; Case Reports;
Musculoskeletal Manipulations; Kinesiology, Applied
CRITERIA FOR ACCURATE MANUAL MUSCLE TESTING AS USED IN APPLIED
KINESIOLOGY PRACTICE
Hans Boehnke, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: For years, applied kinesiology chiropractors have used
the term muscle tests as one of their most important methods for
examining patients. There are a number of descriptions of the basic
manual muscle test in AK, and this paper presents them and attempts to
delineate their differences.
Purpose: To seek a nomenclature for three differing types of muscle
tests presently in use by applied kinesiologists, and to seek consensus
in the terminology used to describe manual muscle testing outcomes.
This paper seeks to investigate the rationale behind three differing
forms of muscle testing and to present possible theories for their
existence and their clinical value. The three types of muscle testing
described are: Examiner Started Manual Muscle Testing (EsMMT), Patient
Started Manual Muscle Testing (PsMMT), and Patient Started sub-maximum
Manual Muscle Testing (PsMMTsm). The criteria used to determine manual
muscle testing outcomes are described.
Discussion: While there have been no definitive studies comparing the
use of these different types of manual muscle testing as a diagnostic
and treatment modality, there have been some reported case studies
which support its value.
Conclusion: Future research is necessary to further understand these
differing types of manual muscle testing methods that are already
partially accepted in the applied kinesiology chiropractic community.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:89-97)
Key Indexing Terms: Terminology; Muscle Weakness; Kinesiology, Applied;
Chiropractic
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS USING APPLIED KINESIOLOGY METHODS IN A CASE OF
LONG-TERM HEAD PAIN
Scott C. Cuthbert, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: A patient presenting with constant, daily headaches for the
previous 7 years that had been increasing in severity is successfully
treated with applied kinesiology chiropractic care. The patient had
numerous causative components to her symptomatology, and the methods
used to diagnose these varying factors are described.
Clinical Features: A 56-year-old nurse presented with constant,
worsening headaches after several severe automobile accidents. In the
first one 7 years previous, she was rear-ended and her car was thrown
70 feet forward. She heard a loud popping in her spine that made her
think she had broken her neck. For 7 _ months after the first accident
she was unable to work or to lift her head from the pillow.
Intervention and Outcome: Hautant’s and Freeman-Wycke’s proprioceptive
tests revealed postural embarrassment. Dramatic muscle weakness on
testing was found (Grade 3 as graded in the Guides to the Evaluation of
Permanent Impairment, 4th Edition by the American Medical Association).
Cranial corrections strengthened the sternocleidomastoid and deep neck
flexor muscles, removed positive challenges to the TMJ, removed the
positive ocular lock, finger-to-finger, finger-to-nose, Hautant’s and
Freeman-Wycke’s tests, and allowed for manipulation of the patient’s
occiput and cervical spine. An upper cervical fixation, T1-T2
subluxation, treatment to the foot, and a category II pelvic fault were
corrected. At the end of the patient’s first treatment her headache was
gone. This was the first time she had felt no head pain in over 7
years. Over the next 2 weeks the headaches stayed at the 1-2 level on
the VAS, and after 8 visits all of her symptomatology was gone.
Conclusion: This case demonstrated that mechanical faults, especially
when present for long periods, could disturb proprioceptive signaling
from the eyes, the cervical spine, and the vestibular mechanism.
Evaluation and treatment of these mechanisms were possible using AK
methods, and were successful in resolving intense symptoms relatively
quickly. Consequently, further investigation of this type of
chiropractic treatment for patients with severe, long-term head pain is
warranted. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:113-117)
Key Indexing Terms: Headache Disorders; Pain, Intractable; Whiplash
Injuries; Cranial Neuropathies; Proprioception; Case Reports;
Musculoskeletal Manipulations; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
THE ANTERIOR-INFERIOR SACRUM: SUTHERLAND’S DEPRESSED SACRUM REVISITED
Scott Cuthbert, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To review the anatomy, etiology, and symptoms associated
with an anterior-inferior sacral subluxation and to discuss the
diagnosis and treatment of this condition using applied kinesiology
methods. A historical parallel to the importance of this sacral fault
in the writings of William Garner Sutherland, D.O. is presented.
Data Source: The following were searched for information relevant to
the anterior inferior sacral subluxation: the AK literature, the
writings of Major Bertrand DeJarnette, D.O., D.C., William Garner
Sutherland, and the Index to Chiropractic Literature.
Results: The anterior-inferior sacral subluxation is frequently found
in new mothers. Post-partum neurosis and depression are frequently
improved by correction of this sacral fault in the literature reviewed.
Production of this fault may occur traumatically with falls onto the
buttocks, or during delivery of a child when the pelvic diameter is
increased and the ligaments of the pelvis are relaxed. Mother’s in the
lithotomy position during delivery may strain the sacral base
anteriorly and inferiorly, especially when the obstetrician applies
traction to the baby’s head.
Conclusion: A definitive diagnosis can best be made using the clinical
tests described in this paper, and conservative treatment can be
effective in treating this musculoskeletal problem of the pelvis.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:119-124)
Key Indexing Terms: Sacrum; Sacroiliac Joint; Pelvic Pain; Pelvic
Floor; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
THE PIRIFORMIS MUSCLE AND THE GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM: THE ANATOMY OF THE
MUSCLE-ORGAN-GLAND CORRELATION
Scott Cuthbert, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To review the anatomy, etiology, and symptoms associated
with the genito-urinary system and to discuss the diagnosis and
treatment of problems associated with it using applied kinesiology
methods. The consistency in AK of specific muscle dysfunction with
specific organ or gland dysfunction is described.
Data Source: The following were searched for information relevant to
the genito-urinary system and its chiropractic evaluation and
treatment: MEDLINE, the AK literature, chiropractic, osteopathic and
medical textbooks, and the Index to Chiropractic Literature.
Results: Because of the communication systems in the body between the
nervous, circulatory, and muscular tissues, a disturbed portion of the
musculoskeletal system may impair the function of other tissues and
organs. In the paper the focus was on the genito-urinary system and its
communication with the nerves and blood vessels of the piriformis
muscle area. In AK, each of the endocrine organs has been given
specific diagnostic tests, therapeutic protocols, nutritional
correlations, and treatment monitoring methods. The endocrine organs
are controlled by the nervous system, and this is hypothesized to be
the reason chiropractic has been helpful with several endocrine-related
disorders.
Conclusion: The hypothesis of this paper is that using manual muscle
testing, the physician may evaluate and work directly with the
position, motion, innervation, nutritional needs, and tissues of the
genito-urinary organs and their adjacent and supportive tissues.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:125-140)
Key Indexing Terms: Urogenital System; Urogenital Abnormalities;
Diagnosis, Differential; Musculoskeletal Manipulations; Kinesiology,
Applied; Chiropractic
THE OTHER 49% OF THE 51%er
Stephen C. Gangemi, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: In applied kinesiology manual muscle testing, a 51%er occurs
when the patient therapy localizes to one of the 5-factors of the
I.V.F. and a muscle weakens. The 5-factors of the I.V.F. that may need
treatment include the nerve, the blood vascular, lymphatic,
cerebrospinal fluid, and acupuncture meridian systems. Another reason
for the 51%er phenomenon is described.
Methods: The hypothesis of this paper is that a muscle that tests
strong, but weakens with TL to one of the I.V.F. factors, weakens due
to an injury that needs to be treated using Injury Recall Technique, a
method developed by Dr. Walter H. Schmitt to remove the memory of
trauma from tissues. The 51%er may also be due to a need to treat an
immune system problem first.
Results: The method of testing for an I.R.T. related 51%er muscle is to
perform autogenic facilitation (stretching the muscle spindle cell). If
the muscle does not strengthen, then an injury is suspected and I.R.T.
evaluation performed. The immune system involvement is suspected if
autogenic facilitation strengthens the muscle as it should, yet immune
system muscles are found weak or are made weak using the visceral
referred pain (VRP) challenges described by Dr. Schmitt.
Conclusion: A 51%er indicates that the muscle should not be treated
until the reason for the 51%er phenomenon in the muscle is resolved.
The reasons for the 51%er findings are hypothesized to be injuries
and/or immune issues and that should be treated first. Treating the
injuries and/or immune system involvements first will either resolve
the 51%er muscle phenomenon, or resolve the muscle inhibition
altogether. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:163-165)
Key Indexing Terms: Muscle Weakness; Diagnosis, Differential;
Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
THE THYMUS VISCERAL REFERRED PAIN AREA
Stephen C. Gangemi, D.C.
ABSTRACT
Objective: Somatovisceral and viscerosomatic reflexes are well accepted
in the research literature. Visceral referred pain (VRP) areas on the
body wall exist for most of the organs of the body. The location of the
thymus gland’s VRP is proposed.
Methods: The neurolymphatic reflex (NL) for the thymus gland, as
reported by Dr. Walter H. Schmitt, is over the right 4th-6th ribs
between the axillary and midmamillary lines. The VRP area for the
thymus is reported to be over the right first rib area both anterior
and posterior.
Results: If there is positive TL to the NL for the thymus, then
determining whether the organ needs more sympathetic or parasympathetic
stimulation is determined. Muscle weakness as a result of rubbing the
VRP for the organ indicates a need for a net parasympathetic response,
and muscle weakness as a result of pinching the VRP for the organ
indicates a need for a net sympathetic response.
Conclusion: The thymus gland, along with the spleen and the gut
associated lymph tissue (GALT), account for the majority of the immune
system. A hypothesized VRP for the thymus gland is described, and a
method for evaluating the thymus gland’s functional state is offered.
Outcome studies for this method of evaluation and treatment are
necessary. (Collected Papers International College of Applied
Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:167-168)
Key Indexing Terms: Thymus Gland; Reflex, Abnormal; Diagnosis,
Differential; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
INJURY RECALL TECHNIQUE REVISITED
James D.W. Hogg, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present three cases where the Injury Recall Technique
(I.R.T.) of Dr. Walter H. Schmitt was employed successfully.
Methods: The I.R.T. addresses withdrawal reflex muscular imbalances
that may persist in patients long after the original injury. The
protocol for diagnosis and treatment using I.R.T. are described.
Results: A patient with a thick, ropy, and tender to palpation scar
from a cesarean section surgery 16-years previous was treated with
I.R.T. 6 months later the scar was barely palpable and no longer tender
to pressure, and after treatment there was long lasting improvement in
her abdominal muscle strength. A second patient had extensive scoliosis
surgery, with a scar from T3 to L5 that produced numbness along the
length of the scar. I.R.T. treatment was given to her and the numbness
was relieved. A third patient had three corneal transplants. After the
last surgery, he had a “wrinkle” across his field of vision. I.R.T.
treatment was given to both eyes. Three weeks later the patient
reported that his vision had gone blurry a few days before for 30
minutes and then cleared. He reported that the “wrinkle” across his
visual field was gone and his eyesight was better than it had been
since the last surgery.
Conclusion: The author’s report suggests that I.R.T. is useful when
applied to poorly healed areas of scar tissue. Patients visiting
chiropractors frequently have surgical scar tissue, and so this method
of treatment warrants further investigation and outcome studies.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:169-172)
Key Indexing Terms: Cicatrix; Pain; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied;
Chiropractic
ADRENAL AND INSULIN RELATED DISORDERS: MORE COMPLEX THAN WE THOUGHT
Datis Kharrazian, D.C., M.S., D.A.C.B.N., C.N.S., C.C.N., C.S.C.S.,
C.C.S.P.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present information regarding the complex web of
physiological alterations that take place with adrenal and insulin
related disorders. The interactions between insulin and cortisol and
their impact on human physiology when abnormal are described. The
clinical methods of evaluating these hormonal phenomena, and a review
of the scientific literature in regard to natural compounds that help
support these patterns of imbalance are described.
Methods: 238 references from the medical, physiological, pathological,
endocrine, nutritional, biochemical, pharmacological, and neurological
scientific literature are cited and reviewed.
Results: Due to the complexity of insulin and cortisol related
disorders a number of vicious cycles and imbalances are created that
have a major impact on human physiology. A review of the natural
compounds that improve insulin resistance and adrenal function are
given, and specific tests developed in AK and using other biochemical
assays for evaluating the functional state of the adrenal glands and
the pancreas are reviewed.
Conclusion: Insulin resistance and blood sugar handling disorders
affect 25-35% of western populations, and contribute to diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, hormone metabolism disorders,
obesity, and certain types of cancer. This problem is multi-factorial,
and so it is naïve to think of adrenal and insulin related
problems as having a single origin and a single cure. Outcome studies
of this method of treatment using concurrent bio-chemical testing on
the patients treated would be invaluable. (Collected Papers
International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:173-201)
Key Indexing Terms: Adrenal Insufficiency; Metabolic Syndrome X;
Insulin; Cortisol; Biochemical Phenomena, Metabolism, and Nutrition;
Clinical Protocols; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
AN INTERESTING INTERLUDE – A CASE STUDY
George N. Koffeman, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To describe the case of a 67-year-old man who had been in a
coma for 22 days following severe head trauma. The case is described
chronologically and his response to chiropractic treatment is reported.
Methods: The doctor visited the patient in the hospital; he had
pneumonia and a tracheal tube inserted as well as a stomach tube for
feeding. A diagnosis of massive brain damage had been given. Due to the
patient’s inability to respond, his wife was tested as a surrogate for
manual muscle testing response. TL found positive contacts at the
neurovascular (NV) reflex on the left frontal bone, a stress receptor
for the supraspinatus on the left, and a cranial adjustment (described
as “hemispheric” and determined by the height of the eye sockets) was
given.
Results: Within 2 minutes of receiving this treatment, the respiratory
rate fell to 19 from 33 per minute, heart rate dropped to 89 from 128,
and the rhythm became regular, where it had been spiking every 6 to 10
beats. The next day the patient recognized the doctor and the patient
signaled to him by squeezing his left hand. The previous day’s
surrogate testing routine was now negative. A left-sided temporal tap
correction with the suggestion of complete and rapid recovery was given
to the patient. The next day the patient had made so much progress that
he was moved to a rehabilitation hospital. The patient was still
completely paralyzed on the right side – arm and leg. A NV reflex near
the junction of the sphenoid, temporal, and parietal bones on the side
opposite of the paralysis was treated for over 20 minutes. At 21
minutes the patient reached up and removed the doctor’s hand with his
left hand. 15 minutes later, he bent his right elbow and laced his
fingers together with his left hand and crossed his right leg over his
left at the ankle. 15 days later the tracheal tube had been removed,
and he was eating on his own. After 2 months the patient was going to
physical therapy 2-3 times per week. He is given chiropractic treatment
once per week. His right arm still has spastic flexion paralysis and
did not respond fully.
Conclusion: Surrogate testing is used with patients who are unable to
perform manual muscle testing. In this case, treatment determined using
surrogate testing appeared to assist this patient recover from partial
paralysis and coma. Further treatments of patients in this condition,
often considered hopeless, may be warranted. (Collected Papers
International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:203-205)
Key Indexing Terms: Coma; Case Reports; Treatment; Kinesiology,
Applied; Chiropractic
NEUROTOXICITY AND ELEVATED HOMOCYSTEINE: THE ROLES PLAYED BY
HOMOCYSTEIC ACID, ASPARTATE AND GLUTAMATE AND ACTIVATED FORMS OF FOLIC
ACID, VITAMIN B-12, AND VITAMIN B-6
Walter H. Schmitt, D.C., D.I.B.A.K., D.A.B.C.N.
ABSTRACT
Background: High concentrations of homocysteine and homocysteic acid (a
neurotoxin) and low concentrations of nutrients necessary for its
conversion are frequently observed in subjects with neurological
symptoms.
Objective: To describe applied kinesiology methods for diagnosing
imbalances in homocysteine levels, and to offer methods for treatment.
Methods: In patients with neurological problems related to elevated
homocysteine levels, patients were found to have muscle inhibitions
following oral insalivation of homocysteine. The metabolism of
homocysteine is described, as well as the nutrients necessary for the
conversion of homocysteine into amino acids. The procedure for
diagnosis and treatment of these factors is described.
Results: The three-pronged approach of nutritional supplementation,
neurotoxic substance elimination, and the use of Visceral Challenge
Technique help return difficult patients to normal function. The VCT
was described in a previous paper for the ICAK, 1999-2000;1:141-148.
Conclusion: The author warns that patients with neurological symptoms
related to elevated homocysteine/homocysteic acid are sensitive to
aspartame and glutamate. Avoidance of these substances, for these
patients, is necessary for full recovery. (Collected Papers
International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:211-215)
Key Indexing Terms: Homocysteine; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Biochemical
Phenomena, Metabolism, and Nutrition; Clinical Protocols; Treatment;
Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
THE SOMATIC WINDOW ON NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION – PART 2. INDUCING PATTERNS
OF OVER FACILITATION TO EVALUATE CORTICAL HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE PATTERNS
Walther H. Schmitt, D.C., D.I.B.A.K., D.A.B.C.N.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To outline procedures for assessment and treatment of
cerebral cortical hemispheric imbalances. The author, a diplomate
chiropractic neurologist, describes the neurological, somatic, and
muscle testing consequences of cortical hemispheric imbalances.
Methods: The assessment of cortical functional status may be assessed
by Weber’s test, comparing passive range of motion right to left, right
to left pupillary light response, and many other autonomic assessments.
Right cortex challenges are inducing right brain activity
(humming/music); right nostril olfaction; meaningful left distal
extremity movement; left visual field stimulation (eyelights). Left
cortex challenges are inducing left brain activity (counting/math);
left nostril olfaction; meaningful right distal extremity movement;
right visual field stimulation (eyelights). After the cortex challenge,
manual muscle tests are performed to assess the functional neurological
state of the cortex.
Results: The side of hemispheric dominance will demonstrate increased
muscle tone on the same side (demonstrated by failure of autogenic
inhibition to the muscle, as described by Richard Belli, D.C.). Right
sided cortex dominance will produce an open ileocecal valve finding
(also increased parasympathetic function on the right); and left sided
cortex dominance will produce an open Houston Valve finding (also
increased parasympathetic function on the left).
Conclusion: The integration of applied kinesiology principles with the
principles of chiropractic neurology may help the physician to get a
more complete view of a patient’s cortical neurological status. In so
doing, these therapies are suggested to help the patient achieve their
optimal improvement in neuron metabolic function, and to overcome the
problems created by cortical hemispheric dominance. (Collected Papers
International College of Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:217-226)
Key Indexing Terms: Dominance, Cerebral; Autonomic Nervous System;
Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Clinical Protocols; Treatment;
Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
THE SOMATIC WINDOW ON NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTION – PART 3. ENCEPHALIC
TRANSNEURAL DEGENERATION: THE CAUSE OF MANY TMJ PROBLEMS AND BILATERAL
JOINT PROBLEMS
Walter H. Schmitt, D.C., D.I.B.A.K., D.A.B.C.N.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To review the concepts of transneural degeneration (TND).
Assessment and treatment procedures for this problem are outlined. The
paper primarily focuses on the clinical effects of TND that arise from
the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and the parabrachial
nucleus of the brainstem. The neuroanatomy of the mesencephalon is
reviewed.
Methods: TND is an established metabolic phenomenon that affects many
motor functions that are commonly identified by AK MMT procedures. TND
is associated with the metabolic effects on neurons when they no longer
receive adequate stimulation of their cell membrane receptors to keep
the neurons metabolically healthy, such as occurs in cases of
deafferentation.
Results: Restoration of TND neurons to normal metabolism depends on
supplying the neurons with: 1) oxygen, 2) fuel (glucose and substances
necessary for its oxidative phosphorylation), and 3) stimulation. Since
the TMJ significantly relates with the mesencephalon, AK challenges to
the TMJ are suggested to evaluate mesencephalon status. If TL to the
TMJ is positive, and the TL is negated by a) slow stretch of the
contralateral distal flexors, b) ipsilateral cortical activity, c)
contralateral hemifield stimulation, d) oxygen, or e) mesencephalon
homeopathic supplement, then mesencephalon treatment for TND is
initiated. Treatment involves a) slowly stretching the patients
contralateral distal flexors (toes and ankle, fingers and wrist), b)
patient performs ipsilateral cortex activity (humming, math), c)
perform contralateral hemifield stimulation (Eyelights), d) patient is
instructed to move the TMJ through all ROMs. Following mesencephalic
rehabilitation procedure, recheck challenge procedure.
Conclusion: A disturbed mesencephalon due to TND explains many TMJ
symptoms that are often bilateral in nature, with mental/emotional
sequelae autonomic in nature, and related to difficult stomatognathic
symptoms. Outcome studies of this treatment method are warranted
considering the neurological importance of the areas discussed in this
paper. (Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:227-233)
Key Indexing Terms: Spinocerebellar Degenerations; Neuron Degeneration;
Mesencephalon; Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; Treatment;
Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
REOCCURRING PITCH PATTERN AND THE FRONTAL FAULT
Paul T. Sprieser, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present the hypothesis that the PRY-T distortion pattern
will recur in some cases until a subtle frontal bone cranial fault
correction is made that the author reports will eliminate the
recurrence.
Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of 25 cases that had
recurring PRY-T distortions. The PRY-T is an AK examination technique
of the major body modules and their ability neurologically to function
individually and together. It is an acronym derived from an airplane’s
attitudes: pitch, roll, yaw, and tilt. In these cases, the author
searched for faults that still remained in these patients and found
that a subtle cranial fault of the frontal bone was present, using the
Eye Into Distortion method of testing. When the pitch pattern was
discovered, the doctor had the patient TL the involved side of the
frontal bone. This negated the positive pitch test, and suggested to
the author the connection between PRY-T and frontal cranial faults.
Results: The author has found that recurring modular distortions in
patients, diagnosed using the PRY-T method in AK, frequently correlated
with frontal cranial faults and that once the cranial fault was
corrected, recurrence of the PRY-T was eliminated.
Conclusion: The presence of a subtle frontal bone cranial fault in
patients with recurring PRY-T modular distortions was reported.
Correction of the frontal bone cranial fault improved the treatment
outcomes for these patients. (Collected Papers International College of
Applied Kinesiology, 2003-2004;1:235-236)
Key Indexing Terms: Musculoskeletal Abnormalities; Clinical Protocols;
Diagnosis; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied; Chiropractic
SUPRASPINATUS MUSCLE AS AN INDICATOR OF BRAIN SEROTONIN LEVELS
Paul T. Sprieser, D.C., D.I.B.A.K.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To present the hypothesis that the supraspinatus muscle may
be inhibited bilaterally in patients with low serotonin levels and
depression, general anxiety syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorders,
and phobias. Patients taking serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) like
Prozac may have this physical finding also. A discussion of the
biochemistry of serotonin and its function in the brain is presented.
Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of 226 patients, 132
females and 94 males. The patients were asked to bring the medication
that they had been prescribed for their psychological problems that
included Zoloft, Wellbutrin, Paxil, Prozac, Effexor, Remeron, Elavil,
Norpramin, Depakote, and Tofranil. The author also tested St. John’s
Wart and SAMe.
Results: The author found the supraspinatus muscle to be inhibited
bilaterally in each of the patients. The muscle was found to strengthen
when the proper medication or alternative therapy was put in the
patient’s mouth. The method of assuring whether the supplement,
therapy, or medication was the “proper therapy,” and whether the
psychological condition was ameliorated, were not described.
Conclusion: In this study using the supraspinatus muscle on a select
population, a correlation was established between bilateral weakness of
this muscle and patients with a clinical profile of depression and low
serotonin levels. There was no definite correlation in this study
between changes in these patients’ supraspinatus muscle function and
professional psychological testing to demonstrate their improved
psychological state. This test may offer mental health practitioners
another objective tool to measure their progress with treating patients
with mental disorders. Further study of this clinical information is
needed to identify the clinical relevance of this finding.
(Collected Papers International College of Applied Kinesiology,
2003-2004;1:237-239)
Key Indexing Terms: Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors; Depression; Case
Reports; Muscle Weakness; Diagnosis; Treatment; Kinesiology, Applied;
Chiropractic